The Medias Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse Essay Example For Students

The Medias Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse Essay The Effects of the Media on Underage Alcohol Abuse It is a major aspect of our culture and many others, being used in religious ceremonies, for celebration, and during common socialization, its presence is seen everywhere. It is alcohol. Alcohol is the broad term that society gives to such drinks as wine, beer, and hard liquor because it contains ethyl alcohol. Despite the fact that in the past century alone, alcohol has been denounced, accepted, and outlawed, we still see alcohol everywhere in magazines, television, billboards, and The effects of alcohol are numerous and reach a widespread of people in the following ways: drunk driving accidents, fetal alcohol syndrome, liver disease, and increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, also called the NIAAA, state in their article called Alcohol Alert that, Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths annually, making it the third leading cause of preventable casualty (2). We will write a custom essay on The Medias Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In addition, Gary Hopkins, MD, director of The Center for Adolescent Behavior Research at Andrews University, found that 41% of all traffic fatalities, the leading cause of accidental death, are alcohol-related (n.p.). Alcohol is a significant problem in todays society, it isnt limited to any particular age group, but one age group of great concern is those that are under twenty-one years. The Century Council is a group started in 1991 to fight underage drinking and alcohol abuse. According to Fighting Alcohol Abuse, the Century Councils website, most young people do not drink illegally, the number who do is high enough to make underage drinking a serious safety and health concern(n. p.). The Century Council continues with sixth graders in saying, one in fourteen sixth graders drink monthly(n.p.). They go on to talk about eighth graders and thier drinking habits. One in four eighth graders have drank in the last month, one in six have reported binge drinking, and one in ten got drunk while drinking(n.p.). Binge drinking is drinking heavily in a short amount of time and can result in alcohol poisining sometimes resulting in death. If that is shocking, maybe the statistic that one in two high school seniors drink on a monthly basis(n.p. ). These statistics again prove a serious problem, but what is the root? In a society where children are able to identify more brands of beer than American Presidents, there is a definite problem. The root to the dangerous mix of alcholol and todays youth is the media. The increase in underage alcohol consumption is a direct and indirect result of the medias influence in children and teenagers. The same study by the NIAAA showed that when a group of nine to eleven year olds were asked what Tony the Tiger said when he appears on television advertisements, then asked what those talking frogs, spokescritters for Budweiser, said, they were able to respond to the latter much faster (1). Clearly, these ads are leaving an impression on young minds. These advertisements are targeting teenagers heavily during prime-time television and during A large portion of a television program is its commercials. Commercials praise this soft drink because it is richer, that brand of potato chips because they are crispier, and those khakis because people can line-dance in them. The commercials are colorful and loud, featuring the beautiful people: models, rock stars, athletes, actors, and actresses that society have come to make their role models. Every company is spending millions of dollars to get the most renowned characters, people, cartoons, or animals to appeal so that we will buy their products. These are the same targeting tactics used in alcohol advertisements as well. 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Madden and J.W. Grubes research Frequency and Nature of Alcohol and Tobacco Advertisements on Television Sports from the American Journal of Public Health says that the beer brewing industry spends six million dollars each year on television and radio advertisements. As well, they spend ninety million dollars a year on print advertisements (298). Aside from that, they get less obvious advertisements. When watching a movie, people drink a certain soda, eat at certain fast food restaurants, and wear a particular brand of clothing to try to sway the public to buy the same things. When looking at exactly whom the television and movie industry is targeting, consider the audience that is watching. Television shows such as Dawsons Creek and Beverly Hills 90210 are aimed primarily at teenagers. Many times they urge abstinence of habit-forming substances to teenagers. .

The mental, physical and psychological impacts on advertising in children

The mental, physical and psychological impacts on advertising in children Introduction The act of advertising to children involves the employment of aspects that positively or negatively affect children. The practice has not always been regulated by legislation but over the last couple of years, and after much research on the topic, many nations now regulate the practice of advertising to children with numerous laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The mental, physical and psychological impacts on advertising in children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this research, we are going to attempt to widen the scope on the impacts that advertisement has had on children and how to protect as well as educate them. The hypothesis developed for this paper states that advertisements aimed at children do not only affect the short term choices but also affect their future livelihoods in the dietary and nutritional choices they make.. The major cause for concern for various organizations has mainly centered on the marketing of consumer goods that mainly involve foods and toys. The 57th World Health Assembly that was held in the year 2004 was instrumental in endorsing regulations in the Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS). The major aim of this resolution was to try and curb what was termed as obesity and other chronic diseases that arise from unhealthy eating habits and that are caused by the propagation of those foods in the minds of the end consumers who consist of children. The World Health Organization gave governments in conjunction with consumer groups the right to ensure that any messages that are deemed negative and contrary to the recommended dietary practices and proven physical activity should be done away with in favor of those that are positive. In the same year, there was a report by Hawkes (2006) that asserted that there were stringent regulations aimed at curbing certain forms of advertisement food products to children. Although the a ctions of the relevant government arms, lobby groups and even regulators have been lauded by many authors, there appear to be gaps that if not addressed could reverse the gains that have already been made. Key among them is the fact that rules and regulations brought forth have been centered mostly on countries considered to be high-income, leaving the low income countries without any meaningful regulations. There was also a glaring omission of all other forms of advertising since the regulations were focused on television advertisements.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review According to a study done by the Institute of Medicine (2006) (IOM), by analyzing 123 published empirical studies, there was a general consensus that advertisements of food during programs intended for children has negative consequences to their eating habits and directly relates t o the high cases of obesity. This conclusion stems from other researches that have been done proving that children under the age of 12 do not comprehend the differences between programs and advertisements. This follows the ban that had been instituted by Sweden and that is considered by the United Kingdom to the same effect. The supporting fact here is that children consider all advertisement to be accurate and do not have the capability to understand the motive of the advertiser. There has been other literature that suggests that the advertisements that target children have a direct impact on their health. Harris (2008) states that there exists a clear disparity in the contributions by the departments of public health’s funding and the amount of funding that companies channel into the marketing of non-nutritious products. The assertion is that people develop brand loyalties at very tender ages which develop sub-consciously into adult life ultimately propelling the consumptio n of unhealthy foods and also the developments of unhealthy practices. Additionally, there is a focus on the traditional methods of advertising to children during the process of regulation. However, this trend has been termed as narrow minded as children nowadays have access to the internet, social networks, games and other digital devices where they are most susceptible to falling prey to such advertisements as compared to other media (Montgomery Chester, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The mental, physical and psychological impacts on advertising in children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research is aimed at analyzing the effects that advertisements have on the dietary habits of children and in particular on their health which encompasses mental, physical and psychological. Whereas the physical manifestations have been researched on in detail, there has been little that has been done on th e effects of all forms of advertisements on the psychological and mental health of children. In order to better understand the consequences of these advertisements in children, there is need to look at the parenting standards and the changing roles of parents, teachers and the society in general. There is also a need of defining the advertisements as the way that they are conveyed and phrased has also evolved over time. According to Jennifer (2006), a member of the American Psychological Association and a scholar studying the effects of advertising for many years, psychologists should be contracted to give parents and their children guidance on the role that advertisements play on the psychology of the child. She further asserts that the changing nature of the way advertisements have been formatted and then presented to the audience plays a major role in the way the message is received, interpreted and the eventual manifestations on the individual. Further, she notes that there has been increased advertisement in the schools themselves and ponders on whether the school administrators had given thought to the consequences of such adverts in the learning process of the children. The problem is so dire that not only do parents and children require the assistance of psychologists, but so do educators themselves who continue to be oblivious of the consequences that advertisements have and continue have even to some extent propagating the advertisements themselves. Methods Advertisements targeted at children have severe and long lasting negative consequences which affect their overall health and nutrition habits. There is need for evidence to back this hypothesis up so we will prove this in the research to be administered.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this research the survey method will be applied with the aim of gathering primary data that will be paramount to the conclusion and recommendations that will be put forth. Verbal results will be gathered and analyzed and will encompass children who are between ages 8 and 9 years old. The sample size will be 40 and the subjects will be children ages 8-9 from the North Clackamas School district. Their views will be collected by means of personal interviews administered after church on Sunday. The interview questions will be aimed at analyzing the information that the children believed following the commercials and what choices they would make about the products promoted. The major point of focus will be on the determination that children believe whatever advertisers say about a product. The other aim of this research will be to approve or disprove what previous researchers have asserted concerning the effects of advertising on the children. The effects that we will attempt to unear th are those that are considered negative as compared to any positives that may arise from this research. In conducting the research, the children interviewed will be required to view two advertisements, played in the course of a popular program, which will be about food items or drinks, in this case a sugary product and a non-sugary product. The advertisements will each run for 60 seconds and then the questions will be asked in order to assess which is the choice for the children by qualified interviewers. As a way of eliminating bias, the participants in the experiment will not be required to communicate with each other about their views during its course. The data that will be collected will be analyzed using the Chi-squared Interaction Detector (CHAID). The method is commonly used to analyze the reaction between different variables. CHAID tends to be more flexible than more traditional statistical methods where often more stringent underlying assumptions need to be met. With a C HAID analysis, both the dependent and independent variables can be nominal (categorical), ordinal (ordered categories ranked from small to large), or interval (a scale). Another important feature is that CHAID analysis displays the modeling results in an easy-to-interpret tree diagram. This is extremely useful when having to explain complex analysis in a clear and non-technical way. Here, the use of two different advertisements in the middle of a program will help analyze the relationship between advertisements and the reaction that the sample will have. The advantage of this method is simply that the data will easily be visually projected for interpretation. The sample size chosen is also meant to assist with the ease of interpretation; however, ultimately we would like to use a much larger sample size to get more accurate results. We hope to find a correlation to advertisements targeting children and the children’s choice of products after viewing the ads. Discussion The si mple use of persuasion is a very powerful tool for advertisers as it creates an illusion which appeals to the individual’s need for the product being advertised. This fact is even more compelling to children who do not have the power of reasoning as the marketer. Ultimately, the child becomes persuaded that the product is important even if its value is not. Children have a very photographic memory and can remember vividly what was depicted in an advertisement that was directed at them. Therefore, there is need for control of advertisers as the results of the child being persuaded do not always lead to his/her development. The research that was earlier conducted depicted that the advertisement of products to children does not always yield positive results and most of it has been focused on the child’s health; most notably obesity (Dittmann, 2006). The other consideration is not only on the negatives but also on the positives that have been made. However, this research i s meant to show that not only are the consequences of these advertisements on the health of the child but they are also psychological as well as mental. The fact that Harris (2008) have found that brand loyalty is created when people are of a tender age and still manifests itself in their adult lives shows that there is a psychological aspect to advertisements that is subconscious. There are many products in the market that are targeted at children. Nowadays, there has been a digital revolution that has been coupled by many videos and video games in the market. There is a direct relationship between the playing of violent video games and the manifestation of violence in the lives of these children while growing up. Traditionally, sports such as wrestling entertainment used to be the motivators of violence but the content could be altered so that warnings were issued and caution was taken. In the present days, video games are played inside the homes where content may not be censored as parenting habits have also changed. There has been increase in violence in schools some even bearing fatalities like the shootings in schools seen in the US and elsewhere. The advertisement of violence in the social and other media has a direct cause to the violence by children. This research is aimed at producing facts to this effect. A large part of the problem arises due to the privatization of the media that propagates the advertisements by the children. There are numerous numbers of these children that are owners of computers connected to the internet and at their private rooms in houses far from the eyes of adults or guardians who can explain or prevent the messages of the advertisements. This leads to a society that is devoid of guardians and proper role models which has very negative consequences. The recent trend of celebrity marriages that last for only a few days or even hours and advertised on social media leads to the belief that this is the way the world operates in children. The mental consequences and psychological ones are extremely bad and the most alarming thing is that advertisers use psychological research to make their messages even more persuasive. There are several limitations that may constrain the furthering of this research. The most notable is the lack of a substantial budget in order to draw on a larger sample and in more areas with different social-economic dynamics. The research is mainly based on a small sample that may not be accurately representative of the population. The other limitation is that the time needed may be substantial in order to come up with a detailed research that factors the growth in technology over a given period of time. For this kind of research to be applicant in global situations there is need to observe a large sample over an extended period of time so as to also record other variables that might change the behavior of the children after watching advertisements. Conclusion Undoubtedly, advertisement s have a major influence on the marketing of products to the end users. The markets are so saturated that the end result is segmentation where a given company focuses a single product to appeal to a given set of people rather than to the whole population. This has given rise to different kind of advertisements aimed at children and adolescents. In the research to be conducted, the influence that these advertisements have will be measured in children between the age of 8 and 9. The previous researches conducted have tried to make relationships between advertisements and children with very many hypotheses proven. Here, we will attempt to prove that indeed advertisements do negatively affect the choices that children make and this has led to an unhealthy nation. References Dittmann, M. (2006). Protecting children from advertising. APAs Council of Representatives supports a task forces call for stricter regulations on ads geared to kids. Vol 35, No. 6. Harris, J. (2008). A Crisis in the Marketplace: How Food Marketing Contributes to Childhood Obesity and What Can Be Done. Annual Review of Public Health, 30:211-25. Web. Hawkes, C. (2006). Marketing Food To Children: Changes In The Global Regulatory Environment 2004-2006. International Food Policy Research Institute, World Health Organisation. Institute of Medicine (2006). Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity. Web. Jennifer L. H. (2006). Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior. Yale: Yale University. Montgomery, K. Chester, J. (2009). Interactive Food and Beverage Marketing: Targeting Adolescents in the Digital Age. Journal of Adolescent Health, S18-S29. Web.

Action Taking during Military Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Action Taking during Military Operations - Essay Example Young bloods enrolling in any country’s defense services are put through extensive physical and psychological training to toughen them up, so that the security of the nation is in tough hands. The various defense institutes try vigorously to transform these men and women into robots, but although physically almost transformed, psychologically they still are superior to robots, because they think and differentiate. A very important decision to be taken during any combat operation, is to decide whether to open fire or not and when to open? Mostly people in the commanding positions encounter this question as an integral part of their job. Prior to giving orders of firing to control hostile situations the commander as a human being faces and answers some moral questions to himself. This is the time when he considers some issues like Moral reasoning, Proper leadership, Personal ethics, Constitutional ethics, Moral virtues, Utilitarianism, Justice. In this paper the basic discussion is about as how do these issues govern the decision taken and its consequences? The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan massacre) began when a group of Islamic terrorists demanding an end to the Second Chechen War took more than 1,100 schoolchildren and adults hostage on September 1, 2004, at School Number One (SNO) in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania, an autonomous republic in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation. On the third day of the standoff, a series of explosions shook the school, followed by a fire which engulfed the building and a chaotic gun battle between the hostage-takers and Russian security forces. Ultimately, at least 334 hostages were killed, including 186 children. Hundreds more were wounded or missing in what was called "the worst terrorist attack since September 11, (Wikipedia). The handling of the siege by Vladimir Putin's administration was criticized by a number of observers and grassroots organizations, Criticism, including by Beslan residents (the survivors and the r elatives of the victims), centered on the allegations that the storming of the school was ruthless, citing the confirmed use of heavy weapons, such as RPO flamethrowers and tank guns. Human Rights activists say that at least 80 percent of the hostages were killed by indiscriminate Russian fire. The military of any country often face such incidents of hostile situations. While facing such situations the first and foremost question that comes to ones mind is: when to fire and when to not. "It is the job of thinking people not to be on the side of the executioners". Albert Camus. This was rightly said by a great man. As civilized human beings we always have a tendency of avoiding unnecessary firing and unwanted bloodshed, but circumstances always compel man to do what he loathes. As a person in the commanding post of the military or a force, his chief objective while controlling any hostile situation is to curb the hostility with minimum violence, bloodshed and loss of life and property. Even though a commanding officer desires to establish control over the situation by non-violence, the hostility displayed by the counterpart invites violence. Now the most important decision is entrusted in the hands of the man giving orders, the question to be decided on is: "if fire is to be opened, what should be the deciding and compelling need to do so", and there should be enough reasons to support the decision and its cause alike. When a commanding officer gives order to fire or use any arms and ammunition to subdue a hostile

Biographical and Cultural Background Paper on John Updike and his Essay

Biographical and Cultural Background Paper on John Updike and his story A&P - Essay Example By simply reading through the texts, one might not see how much of the American society in the 1950’s Updike has exposed. As such, his attitude towards the issues of the society in which the author lived in was also apparent. The irony in the manner he illustrate the settings and the events in A & P shows how much involved the author was in the different issues surrounding him. His sarcasm and negative point of view about Russia and the Cold War was evident in Stokesie’s character where Sammy narrates that he thinks hes going to be manager some sunny day, maybe in 1990 when its called the Great Alexandrov and Petrooshki Tea Company or something (Kirszner and Mandell, p. 95) In D. Quentin Miller’s (p. 3) John Updike and the Cold War: Drawing the Iron Curtain, he describes Updike’s writings as those that reveal the underlying truth about the American society during the Cold War era that requires aggressiveness in order to attain its goals. Sammy’s character in A & P shows the same aggressiveness that each single individual in the American society should posses in order to achieve what they aspire for. However, Updike simply did not make his readers live by the disillusion that they could achieve everything they wish for through any aggressive acts, whereas the reality in which risks and disappointments occur as well. A & P’s end clearly shows how Updike sticks to the existent condition in the society rather than a

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example With the best motives for the society, they can either run a business or none-profit organizations that would quench their social quest. On the other hand, social media movement refers to the use of social networks to serve the society with all kinds of information. The networks transmit messages about the culture, traditions, politics, beliefs, education and bodies of the society. The messages reflect the values and the force for change of the society. The social media used are Facebook, twitter, YouTube, web pages, blogs, Myspace, newspaper, movies, television, radio, journals, books, magazines and billboards among others. All these social media serve to fuel and propel the social discussions. Also, there are social movements that serve to fight on behave of individuals of the society for their right. The social movements take the form of non-governmental organizations and greatly depend on social media to achieve their part (Roy, William G. 2010. 101-103). The social media movements and social movements see business as the source of the social problems in the world. They do not think how the business could be a catalyst for solutions of the society problems. In regard to social entrepreneurs, they take a business to be a solution for the society problems. They search for a solution for a social- business related problem within the business sectors. They have an insight that the development of the way businesses operate in the society could fix the social-economic problems and open up the door for more opportunities. In fact, the social entrepreneurs have a powerful drive and urge to serve the society. They do not just make money but empower individuals at a personal level and restore balance as well as flow to people in the world through economic, social, environmental and emotional ways. In social entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurs put much time to appraise and evaluate

Concepts of Abnormality and Mental Health

Concepts of Abnormality and Mental Health Sevgi Gulbahce Psychology Access to Nursing Definition Example Abnormality It is behaving in ways which the majority of people do not behave in, or not acting in the ways the majority of people behave in. It can be anything that is not considered as normal. Abnormal behaviour can be affected by numerous factors e.g. social norm, the ambiguity of the break point between abnormal/normal and bias and fundamental attribution errors. And one thing that may be abnormal in the UK maybe seen as normal in another country etc. An individual can be said to be abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life e.g. interact with others, self-care and make themselves understood to others. Rosenhan Seligman (1989) believed the following characteristics describe failure to function adequately are: Vividness unconventionality, unpredictable loss of control, Irrationality/incomprehensibility, Violates moral/social standards and Causes observer discomfort. Normality The meaning of normal can vary from person, culture, place, situation and time. Normal can change with societal standards and norm. Normal behaviour can be subjective and can be recognised when compared to what is not normal or abnormal. A person carrying out normal behaviour can show empathy, can relate its thoughts to others. They understand their actions, they are aware of all actions and can act sanely. They can show the correct emotions when necessary, and are capable of understanding others etc. Definitions Explanation Evaluation Statistical infrequency It is used to find out the norm of a society. It can be used to categorise people in to normal, frequent, typical or atypical. It is not accounted for social acceptability or behaviour type e.g. a very intelligent person may be seen as abnormal because it is uncommon and odd behaviour that is uncommon but may be accepted as abnormal Deviation from social norms It is going against a societies accepted behaviour codes Social norms can be can change depending on the society and standards may change e.g. in our society it was seen as abnormal to be an unmarried mother before than it is now Failure to function adequately When a person has difficulty maintaining a social relationship or staying in a job Other than social dysfunction, it is also being in a disabling state of distress. Problems can be that certain mental disorders may not cause distress and that it may sometimes be normal to be distressed. Deviation from ideal mental health When a person does not have all the criteria’s required for a normal healthy functioning The criteria’s for the ideal mental health may be difficult to measure and so demanding that some people fail to meet them TAQ 2 Define Explain DSM IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is a manual published by the American psychiatric association and it used to diagnose and categorize mental disorders Psychiatrics diagnoses are categorised by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. It includes all mental health disorders for both adults and children. It lists all the causes of these disorders, age at onset, statistics in terms of gender and prognosis. They use this manual when working with patients to help better understand their illnesses and the potential treatment and also to help the third party payers such as insurer’s. The DSM is divided into five sections and the fourth section is used to asses: the events in a person’s life such as death of a loved one, unemployment and starting a new job etc. ICD The International Classification of Disease tenth revision is a system of coding created by the World Health Organization. It notes the medical records of the diseases, symptoms, findings and causes of injury. The ICD-10-classification for mental disorders is made of 10 main groups: F0 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F1 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of psychoactive substances F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders F3 Mood [affective] disorders F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders F5 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F6 Disorders of personality and behaviour in adult persons F7 Mental retardation F8 Disorders of psychological development F9 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence. (web 4 health, 2003) TAQ 3 Evaluate the biological (medical approach) and behaviourist approach to abnormality In psychology there are different approaches when examining both normal and abnormal behaviour. The four main are: biological, behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic. We will be evaluating biological and behavioural in this essay. The biological approach to abnormal behaviour concentrates on medical issues that causes the mental illnesses. It can involve damage to the brain, physical illness, or chemical imbalances. The medical approach believes that it can be caused by any of the following four physical causes: genetic, biochemistry, Neuroanatomy and infections. Usually the mental illness is inherited from the parents. It can run in the family or if a certain gene is seen to be responsible for the illness. There are various chemicals in the brain to help with communication and these are called neurotransmitters. Examples of neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine and adrenalin. If an imbalance in these chemicals occur it can cause psychological disorders, this is called biochemistry. Neuroanatomy believes the abnormal behaviour is caused by a problem in the structure of the brain. It is found that the syphilis bacterium can cause disorders known as general paresis which can cause forgetfulness and delusions. Also there are research to suggest that influenza in a pregnant woman can cause schizophrenia in a child in the later ages. There are many different treatment types depending on the illness cause. If the is the problem is caused by physical problem then a physical procedure is carried out. If the problem is with the brain structure then surgery might be necessary and lastly if the problem caused is chemically then drugs are given to address the problem. Antipsychotics are prescribed to patients suffering from schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine can also be prescribed to help block some of the dopamine receptors stopping the brain to become less sensitive. If a patient experience suicidal thoughts Clozapine can be prescribed which acts on serotonin and dopamine pathways. Anti-depressants are prescribed to patients to help with preventing reabsorption or by blocking the enzymes. When drugs have little or no effect or in most extreme cases surgery might be carried out. These include cutting or removing certain parts of the brain. Frontal lobotomies are used in the UK to calm men that are violent. Deep brain stimul ation can also be used and is successfully used to treat patients with Parkinson’s, depression and anorexia. The behaviourist model believes that all behaviour is learned which also includes abnormal behaviour. The behaviour can also be forgotten which is the method used for treatment. There are three different ways in which behaviour is learned: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning was discovered by a Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov. It is a learning method that happens through relations between an environmental stimulus and a stimulus that is occurring naturally. Watson and Rayner did a research on an eleven month old little boy called Albert. He was shown a white rat which he had no fear of, (natural stimulus). Afterwards the rat was shown again to Albert but every time a metal bar was struck with a hammer behinds Albert’s head producing a loud sound. Every time the metal bar was struck he would start crying. This was done a several times and they had seen that Albert had developed a fear towards the rat. (Revision with Richie, 2015) Operant Conditioning was found by a behaviourist called B.F. Skinner. It is a method of learning that happens through rewards or punishment for behaviour. An association can be made between a behaviour and the consequences for that behaviour. E.g. when a lab rat presses on the blue button he will receive a rewards which is a food pallet however when he presses the red button he will receive mild electric shock. He eventually learns to press the blue button for a rewards and avoids the red button. (Simply Psychology, 2015) Observation learning is found by psychologist Albert Banbura. It is known as social learning, it can occur from retaining, observing and copying behaviour in other people, and it can happen at any stage of life, but is most important during childhood. Albert Banbura (1965) demonstrated an experiment called the Bobo doll. Children were seeing adults hit a doll and either be rewarded, punished or neither. After seeing this the children had learned aggressive behaviour. If a person is rewarded for its actions they are more likely to repeat the behaviour. Behaviour therapies are used to treat phobias and involve the patient learning to associate their phobic stimulus with relaxation. SD is an effective therapy used on patients struggling with more serious disorders. It is slower process, however the longer the technique takes the more it can be effective. Aversion method that teaches a person to associate their unwanted behaviour with something unpleasant. E.g. teaching an alcoholic person to associate their preferred drink with being violently ill. Token economy is a method used in psychiatric prisons and hospitals. If a person behaves in a wanted way they are rewarded with tokens which can be used to buy something they like. Modelling is another treatment method and can be used to treat phobias. The patient watches a person coping well with the phobic situation, and then the patient may feel comfortable in doing the same. Bibliography Education portal, 2003, what is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Common Disorders Studied, (online) available at: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-abnormal-psychology-definition-and-common-disorders-studied.html (accessed: 13 February 2015) Prezi, 2015, Abnormal IB Psychology, (online) available at: https://prezi.com/yqvdodv4jrll/abnormal-ib-psychology/ (accessed: 13 February 2015) Intropsych, 2007, Defining abnormal behaviour, (online) available at: http://www.intropsych.com/ch12_abnormal/defining_abnormal_behavior.html (accessed: 13 February 2015) Alley dog, 1998, Abnormal, (online) available at: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Abnormal (accessed: 14 February 2015) Simply Psychology, 2015, Abnormal psychology, (online) available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html (accessed: 14 February 2015) American psychiatric association, 2014, DSM, (online) available at: http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm (accessed: 13 February 2015) As psychology, 2014, defining abnormality, (online) available at: http://as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174252/DefiningAbnormality (accessed: 14 February 2015) Web 4 health, 2003, Mental Disorders and classification of mental disorders (ICD-10, DSM-IV) (online) available at: http://web4health.info/fi/psy-icddsm-what.htm (accessed: 14 February 2015) Revision with Richie, 2015, the Behaviourist Model of Abnormality (online) available at:http://revisewithrachie.com/revision-sheets/abnormality/the-behaviourist-model-of-abnormality/ (accessed: 15 February 2015) Simply Psychology, 2015, Skinner-Operant Conditioning (online) available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html (accessed: 15 February 2015)

student drug use in scottish university :: essays research papers

Results Once all our interviews had concluded we re-wrote all the questions that we had asked our four respondents comparing them by using a table. From this it was easier to compare and contrast answers, assisting us in our search for re-occurring themes or major differences. For the purpose of anonymity the sample will be referred to as W, X, Y and Z. Themes and Patterns There were a vast amount of themes and patterns that emerged during our analysis of the four interviews. Firstly, the living arrangements of our sample were similar. Three out of the four students had resided in the Stirling University Halls of Residence during first year and by third year all four were staying in privately rented occupation. Significantly the social habits of the four students were alike. Of the three students who stayed in Halls in first year all three ‘went out’ on campus at least three or more nights per week. The attendance of ‘nights out’ on campus fell to only two visits per semester for two of our sample, whilst the other kept to much the same pattern. All four of our sample attended the ‘Fubar’ nightclub in Stirling town centre every Thursday. Respondent X was the only subject whom started university with any friends from back home. All traveled home regularly to see friends in first two years of university, with the ex ception of respondent Z who had a significant distance to travel. Of our four respondents only subject Z had no previous experience with illicit drugs. All three of the respondents who had taken illicit drugs before entering university had consumed cannabis and ‘speed’ by the age of 16. Subject X had also taken solvents, ‘magic mushrooms’ and ‘acid’ before entering university. Respondent W had consumed all the afore-mentioned drugs before coming to university but had also experimented with Valium and had smoked heroin. The location of drug consumption for all concerned was nearly always at parties or with older friends. Since entering Stirling University all four had experimented with ‘ecstasy’ for the first time. Three of the four tried cocaine the first after entering university. The social setting of ecstasy use was nearly always club and music based, whilst cocaine use appeared to be restricted to post-club parties with friends. All respondents had suspicions that their families were aware of their ‘softer’ drug use but no one had actually been confronted on the subject.

Success in Life Does Not Need a Degree

Most of the statistics says that almost every person who succeeded in his life and became famous also well known was outliers, in science, invention or businesses. For example, Albert Einstein, the most famous mathematician ever, he dropped from school not college and became a role model also an idol. In the article as the author mentioned that being successful and rich doesn’t need us to go to college complete our studies and have a certificate in the field that we are passionate about, we just have to drop school and start working on our passion.She is kind of saying that college put down our hop, faith in our self and our potential, and obligating us to go in it to waste time while we can work freely on our own business. Truth to de said she did good researches and looked up for fantastic people such as, Bill Gates, Steven Jobs and Cameron Johnson that others consider them a role models and look up to them, yet she didn't investigate deeply in their personal life. For examp le, did she interview them? Did she ask them who they met to help them?Who founded them? Thought the author – Lauren Drell – mentioned some good details about their life and what have they been through to convince us to drop college in order to start working on our passion, I disagree with her because of many reasons. First important reason, these people are courageous, for example, when Cameron Johnson dropped out from college, although his parents disagreed with him, and being accepted in any college is not easy, he ignored them and listens to his mind.As parents they were afraid on their sun future because they know how the life is difficult without a certificate, failing and becoming unemployed is hard thing to live with. Disappointment, frustration and failing might lead to some serious issue could destroy your life Furthermore dropping college after getting in it won’t be as easy as it sounds, because preparation for it, meet the requirements and getting a certificate as an approval saying that we are versed and professional in the major that we like, is something better than succeeding in it without a certificate.But his guts and his insistence to achieve his goal drove him to that success. I think that he gain the latent and became courageous, was because of his parents. â€Å"Johnson credits his business skills to his parents â€Å"as the author mentioned in the article. Another reason, these people are passionate and serious about what they like. For example, when Tom Szaky worked throughout his spring break not just that but he was a freshmen, he was interested in making a medicine from a weed â€Å"yes that kind of weed† like the author stated.Which mean that it was dangerous to his health; he could have been get hurt while he is processing and making the medicine, yet he didn't care. Adding to that he was in his first year, so having fun and enjoying his time might been his main activity. But his passion, his commitme nt and his ambition were the things led him to accomplish what he was aiming to. I think that his intelligence as well as his geniality participated in his succession. Other example, when Jeri Ellsworth taught herself how to make chips without even studying and learning the skills.This kind of skills need the appropriate environment, equipment and professional tutor to explain the methods and gives the exact direction to make it correctly. And be able to use it in the future. Third reason is they never gave up on their dream and ambition. For example, when Ellsworth got rejected by many companies and refused to adopt her work. She might have been little disappointed, but she never stopped her work. Keep working and achieving her goal was the purpose, until a client toke the advantage of trying and examining her in invention.After that success and the client were pleased with her work, she became famous and that was her starting point to be known by others. †Ã¢â‚¬ I knew I had to keep networking, shaking hands and sharing my story at raid shows† Ellsworth stated – eventually one person took a risk on her† said Lauren Drell. And I am positive that the other milliners failed in some part of their path, but that didn’t stop them. Last reason, they had the desire to contribute in their societies.Helping your country and participating in the development something you will never forget it no matter how long you lived and it is a legacy and honoring achievement will be added to their career life. Such as, Bill Gates invented a program that most of the globe uses, in houses, schools and companies. The same happened with Steve jobs and his contribution in his society when he made ‘Apple’ products. These kinds of invention will put them in their countries best inventors list and not just there but on the world list since the invention reached the globe.Their intelligence also helped them in their success in programming electr onics. Because not everyone can do it that easily, it is not just a recipe and you with follow the significant amount of ingredients and it will work, but you have to have natural skills and independent thoughts to be able to create, adjust and develop computer program. To sum up normal people might not handle the pressure and the difficulty that they will face. Moreover normal people will usually have normal intelligence so that is another point we shouldn’t overlook.On the other hand all of these millionaires are somehow Lucy; they met some people in the right time right and place this is a point that the author missed. Also their intelligence with their social circumstances participated in their success. I agree that they are a good model and people should look up to them, but we mustn’t overlook that they are courageous, passionate, never gave up and their desire to contribute in the society gained them the power and the insistence to accomplish their dream. And I said earlier they are â€Å"outliers†.

Simple Gift -Alcoholism Essay Example

Simple Gift Simple Gift -Alcoholism Essay Simple Gift -Alcoholism Essay Essay Topic: Simple â€Å"Alcoholism is a secret destroyer of Australian homes,† this statement is shown in the text The Simple Gift. Many characters are affected by alcoholism in the text The Simple Gift. This essay will be about, how characters were affected by alcohol, why Old Bill drank so much and uniting three characters together. Alcohol affected many characters in The Simple Gift. Alcohol affected Old Bill, Billy’s father drank so much that it affected him and Billy. Billy’s father ended up being lonely and had nothing left. Old Bill was drunk and lost his wife when she was drunk, â€Å"she died of making me sign more than she died of driving drunk and a roadside gum tree. † Page 99. Billy was affected, even though he didn’t drink. He was affected because his dad constantly drunk and took his anger out on him. This just goes to show, alcohol doesn’t affect the alcoholic, it affects the people around them too. Old Bill was not always an alcoholic. He was a happy man, living a happy life. After his daughter ‘Jessie’ died he couldn’t handle it anymore. He was also never homeless, â€Å"I moved to the carriage. I closed the door to our house, left everything as it was and walked away. † Page 99. Old bill started drinking after that thinking that he would forget, but really it didn’t. It only let him forget for those couple of hours when he was wasted. In a way alcohol united all of the three main characters together. If Billy hadn’t run away from home then he would never have met Caitlyn or Old Bill. He couldn’t handle his father’s drunkenness that he had to leave to Bendarat. â€Å"See ya Dad. I’ve taken the alcohol. Drink this instead to celebrate your son leaving home. † Page 2. Billy also would have never been able to help Old Bill, with getting him back on his feet. It wasn’t easy for Billy to help Old Bill. â€Å"Occasionally I find Old Bill asleep on the gravel beside carriage, an empty bottle beside him. I try to wake him up and help him inside into the warmth. He swears and coughs and his breath smells of beer and cigarettes. † Page 84. Although alcohol is a silent killer, it helped Billy, Caitlyn and Old Bill to unite together. Alcohol played a big roll in The Simple Gift. It destroyed Old Bill and Billy’s life, yet it united the three main characters together. This doesn’t mean that alcohol did well for Billy, no matter what alcohol destroyed his life. â€Å"Alcoholism is a secret destroyer of Australian homes,† this statement is shown in the text The Simple Gift. Many characters are affected by alcoholism in the text The Simple Gift. This essay will be about, how characters were affected by alcohol, why Old Bill drank so much and uniting three characters together. Alcohol affected many characters in The Simple Gift. Alcohol affected Old Bill, Billy’s father drank so much that it affected him and Billy. Billy’s father ended up being lonely and had nothing left. Old Bill was drunk and lost his wife when she was drunk, â€Å"she died of making me sign more than she died of driving drunk and a roadside gum tree. † Page 99. Billy was affected, even though he didn’t drink. He was affected because his dad constantly drunk and took his anger out on him. This just goes to show, alcohol doesn’t affect the alcoholic, it affects the people around them too. Old Bill was not always an alcoholic. He was a happy man, living a happy life. After his daughter ‘Jessie’ died he couldn’t handle it anymore. He was also never homeless, â€Å"I moved to the carriage. I closed the door to our house, left everything as it was and walked away. † Page 99. Old bill started drinking after that thinking that he would forget, but really it didn’t. It only let him forget for those couple of hours when he was wasted. In a way alcohol united all of the three main characters together. If Billy hadn’t run away from home then he would never have met Caitlyn or Old Bill. He couldn’t handle his father’s drunkenness that he had to leave to Bendarat. â€Å"See ya Dad. I’ve taken the alcohol. Drink this instead to celebrate your son leaving home. † Page 2. Billy also would have never been able to help Old Bill, with getting him back on his feet. It wasn’t easy for Billy to help Old Bill. â€Å"Occasionally I find Old Bill asleep on the gravel beside carriage, an empty bottle beside him. I try to wake him up and help him inside into the warmth. He swears and coughs and his breath smells of beer and cigarettes. † Page 84. Although alcohol is a silent killer, it helped Billy, Caitlyn and Old Bill to unite together. Alcohol played a big roll in The Simple Gift. It destroyed Old Bill and Billy’s life, yet it united the three main characters together. This doesn’t mean that alcohol did well for Billy, no matter what alcohol destroyed his life. Alcoholism is a secret destroyer of Australian homes. How are the characters affected by alcoholism in the novel of The Simple Gift? Alcoholism is a secret destroyer of Australian homes. How are the characters affected by alcoholism in the novel of The Simple Gift? By: Zeinab Ramadan 9c! By: Zeinab Ramadan 9c! Steven Herrick. Steven Herrick. The Simple Gift. The Simple Gift.

How to Write a Proposal

How to Write a Proposal How to Write a Proposal How to Write a Proposal By Mark Nichol Writing a proposal is similar to but not exactly the same as crafting a persuasive essay or producing a report. Here are suggestions for developing a proposal, including some pertinent to its specific purpose. 1. A proposal should define a problem and describe a solution that will persuade busy, thrifty, skeptical readers to support it. 2. Employ facts, not opinions, to bolster the argument for approval. Research similar plans or projects and cite them, emphasizing their successes and/or how your proposal resolves the weaknesses, omissions, or mistaken priorities apparent in them. 3. Analyze your plan or project, demonstrating possible outcomes. If possible, model a small-scale version of the plan or project, report on the results, and extrapolate how the full-scale plan or project will turn out based on the test. 4. Any discussion of financial or other resources should be conducted carefully and should present a realistic picture of the expense required. 5. Be meticulous in writing, editing, and design of the proposal. Revise as necessary to make it clear and concise, ask others to critique and edit it, and make sure the presentation is attractive and engaging as well as well organized and helpful. A proposal should include the following elements: Executive Summary: State the rationale for putting the proposal into effect, and summarize the proposal. (This allows a decision maker to quickly get the gist of the proposal, hence the name.) Statement of Need: Detail why the plan or project the proposal recommends is necessary. Project Description: Explain specifics of the plan or project, and how it will go into effect and how it will be evaluated. Budget Analysis: Provide and explain how the plan or project will be financed and categorize and annotate operating expenses. Organization Details: If the proposal is being submitted to an outside party, provide information about the beneficiary organization, including its mission, its stakeholders and who its serves, and the scope of its programs and services. Conclusion: Summarize the proposal’s main points. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingHonorary vs. Honourary

Deforestation In the amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deforestation In the amazon - Essay Example Agriculture is major factor influencing deforestation in the Amazon as individuals consider it a necessity for life to prosper on the planet. Before, age the Amazon rainforest was protected because individuals were hunters and gatherers hence did not venture into farming. However, changing times has forced individuals and the government to make unwise concession to allow the food growth into the region is a main source of rainfall. Allowing food growth to sustain life does not mean that major sites like the Amazon rain forest should be destroyed. Unfortunately that has been reason behind the deforestation activities going on around the Amazon. The rainforest is slowly being lost as the land in which it is based is being cleared by individuals to enable them practice agriculture in the region. Different land clearing techniques which care harmful to the environment and to the rainforest like slush and burn have been adopted by individuals and are used in clearing the Amazon forest (Ca mpari 2). The slash and burn technique is a cheap way of clearing land in preparation for agricultural activities. Individuals living around the Amazon use it to cut down trees and clear bushes before setting fire on the area to get rid of the cut and cleared trees and bushes. It is also an efficient way which has been proved to be cause of the deforestation in the Amazon as very little costs is associated with accomplishing the tasks. In addition, the situation is further aggravated by the lack proper techniques for farming leading to a speedy desert formation in the Amazon area which for centuries has been considered to be full of fauna and flora life (Campari 83). Moreover, over the last year, the Amazon rainforest experienced an increased rate of forest fires caused by the slush and burn used by the locals in the region. Additionally, individuals keeping cattle have also

Principal agent theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principal agent theory - Essay Example The relationship that takes place between particular agents along with a particular principal is recognized as agency. Under the principal agent theory, the principals liability does not ends when authority is transferred to the agent and the principal continues to be liable to the third party for any shortcoming from the end of the agent. The agent principal theory is applied in various contexts such as employment and real estate. In case of employment a principal agent relationship arises when a owner of c particular company hires a manager to work or operate on his behalf while dealing with third parties. In this case the principal is the owner of the company and the agent is the manager. Similarly, subordinates become agents and managers become agents when subordinates work on the behalf of the managers. In both cases the principal is held reliable for any wrong doings conducted by the agent. Issues in Principal Agent Theory Owners of a company are regarded as principals when the y enter into a contract with the agents as agents accept that they will manage the principal’s business. ... An issue between the agent and the principal does not take place until there is a coexistence of the benefits for both the principal and the agent. A principal might end up experience cost of agency when the self interest of both the individuals deviates. This is because if the agents have the opportunity they will try to ensure that their own utility is maximized as they end up giving more importance to their self interest over the interest of the principal (Steiner, 2002, p.17). There is ample amount of probability that both the agents and the principals do not share mutual opportunities of benefits. The theory of agency even states that a principal cannot be sure whether agent will give importance to his own utility over the utility of the principal thus the principle tries to minimize losses that are projected towards his own utility. They do so by keeping strict control over the agent and monitoring the behavior of the agent. The issue that is caused due to the self serving beha vior of the agent is even recognized as hidden action (Stolle, 2008, p.63). An issue of hidden action arises as the agent may be involved in committing an act that cannot be observed by the principal or the principal does not have the information to identify what the agent is involved into. For example: In the case of real estate, an individual may hire a real estate agent to look for a home with certain characteristics and of certain price. The principal doers not know where to look for a home that is compatible with his requirements and is even not aware of the price of such a house. The agent’s task is to locate such a house and quote the correct price of the house to the principal. Since the agent has the motivation of maximizing his/her utility he may